A general numerical scheme for the optimal control of fractional Birkhoffian systems

This paper gives a general numerical scheme for the optimal control problem of fractional Birkhoffian systems. The forced Birkhoff equations within Riemann–Liouville derivatives are derived from Pfaff–Birkhoff–d’Alembert principle which includes as an external force term. Following strategy variational integrators, is directly discretized to develop equivalent discrete that served equality constraints optimization problem. Together with initial and final state on configuration space, original converted into nonlinear subjected system algebraic constraints, can be solved by existing algorithms. An illustrative example given show efficiency simplicity proposed method.